On this page: Names and locations · Stories behind the records · Changing names · Coverage and limits · Sources

The location column follows the 2026 checklist; it includes varieties and a subspecies as well as species. These 55 entries are that publication’s treatment, rather than a count agreed by every source. An older account may cover fewer places or use a name differently, so its inclusion does not confirm every location in the newer list. Where only the checklist is cited, the underlying original account still needs comparison.

Hoyas and their published records

Hoya	Locations reported in the 2026 checklist	Related published accounts
Hoya acuminata	Xizang	Liu et al. (2026); Gui et al. (2017); Chowlu et al. (2025), Indian record
Hoya baishaensis	Hainan	Liu et al. (2026); He et al. (2009), original description
Hoya burmanica	Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Ma et al. (2019)
Hoya carnosa	Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995); He et al. (2011); Tsiang & Li (1977)
Hoya carnosa var. gushanica	Fujian, Taiwan	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995) (different author citation and narrower distribution); He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya chinghungensis	Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995); Huang et al. (2020); Zuo et al. (2020), comparative specimen; Averyanov et al. (2017); Chowlu et al. (2025); Gilbert, Stevens & Li (1995), original nomenclatural paper; He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya commutata	Guangxi	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995); Gilbert, Stevens & Li (1995), original nomenclatural paper; He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya cordata	Guangxi	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995); He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya daimenglongensis	Yunnan, Xizang	Liu et al. (2026); He et al. (2012)
Hoya daoi	Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026), original description in this revision
Hoya dasyantha	Hainan	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995); He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya diversifolia	Guangdong, Hainan	Liu et al. (2026); He et al. (2009, H. persicinicoronaria); Rodda (2017), name history
Hoya edeni	Yunnan, Xizang	Liu et al. (2026); Rodda, Aung & Armstrong (2019)
Hoya engleriana	Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Chen et al. (2025; online 2024)
Hoya fungii	Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995); Rodda, Aung & Armstrong (2019); He et al. (2011); Tsiang & Li (1977); He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya fusca	Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Xizang, Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995); Tsiang & Li (1977); He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya gaoligongensis	Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Zhao et al. (2020)
Hoya globulosa	Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Zhao et al. (2020), comparison using cultivated material
Hoya griffithii	Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995); Rodda, Aung & Armstrong (2019); He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya hainanensis	Hainan	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995) (under H. ovalifolia)
Hoya jianfenglingensis	Hainan	Liu et al. (2026); He et al. (2011); Chen et al. (2016)
Hoya lasiogynostegia	Hainan	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995); Huang et al. (2020); He et al. (2009), Bawangling specimen; He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya ledongensis	Hainan	Liu et al. (2026); Chen et al. (2016)
Hoya linearis	Yunnan, Xizang	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995); Huang et al. (2020); Tsiang & Li (1977); He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya lipoensis	Guizhou	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995); He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya longicalyx	Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Huang et al. (2020); Wang et al. (2019), earlier identification as H. lanceolata; Zhang, Tong and Xia (2021), description as H. tetrantha
Hoya longifolia	Yunnan, Xizang	Liu et al. (2026); He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya longlingensis	Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Huang et al. (2022)
Hoya lyi	Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995); Rodda (2012); Tsiang & Li (1977); He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya maguanensis	Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026), original description in this revision
Hoya manipurensis	Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026)
Hoya mengtzeensis	Guangxi, Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995); Tsiang & Li (1977); He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya multiflora	Southern provinces (not individually named in Table 1)	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995) (wild and cultivated records distinguished); He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya nervosa	Guangxi, Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995); He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya nyingchiensis	Xizang	Liu et al. (2026); Zuo et al. (2020)
Hoya obcordata	Xizang	Liu et al. (2026); Sahani et al. (2025), differing treatment discussed below
Hoya oblaceolata (Table 1 spelling)	Xizang	Liu et al. (2026); spelling as printed in Table 1, discussed below
Hoya pandurata subsp. angustifolia	Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Rodda, Aung & Armstrong (2019), Myanmar original description
Hoya pandurata	Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995); Rodda, Aung & Armstrong (2019); Huang et al. (2020); Tsiang & Li (1977); He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya polyneura	Yunnan, Xizang	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995); Rodda, Aung & Armstrong (2019); He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya pyrifolia	Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Huang et al. (2021)
Hoya radicalis	Guangdong, Guangxi	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995); Tsiang & Li (1977); He, Lin, Zeng & Wu (2009), Hainan report; He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya revolubilis	Guizhou, Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995) (different provinces reported); He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya sapaensis	Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Tran et al. (2011), Vietnamese original description
Hoya siamica	Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995); He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya sichuanensis	Sichuan	Liu et al. (2026); Huang et al. (2022)
Hoya silvatica	Yunnan, Xizang	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995); Tsiang & Li (1977); He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya spectatissima	Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Xue et al. (2023)
Hoya tengchongensis	Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Zhang, Xia & Kuang (2019); Sahani et al. (2025), different treatment
Hoya tamdaoensis	Guangxi, Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Rodda et al. (2015), Vietnamese original description; Averyanov et al. (2017), regional checklist; Nong et al. (2018), Guangxi record
Hoya thomsonii	Xizang	Liu et al. (2026); Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995); He et al. (2009), historical distribution table
Hoya vangviengiensis	Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Zhang et al. (2017), Chinese record
Hoya verticillata	Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Macao, Taiwan, Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); He et al. (2009, H. bawanglingensis); Rodda (2017), name history
Hoya yingjiangensis	Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Rodda, Aung & Armstrong (2019); Sahani et al. (2025); Zhang et al. (2015), original description
Hoya yuennanensis	Yunnan	Liu et al. (2026); Rodda (2012)

What the sources add

New discoveries and country records

Hoya sapaensis connects two stages of research. Tran and colleagues named it in 2011 from Vietnamese material collected near Sapa in September 2005. At the time, they considered it apparently endemic to Vietnam. Liu and colleagues’ 2026 revision reports it from China, citing Cai Lei and colleagues’ CL385 collection from Maguan, Yunnan, made on 15 September 2022 at 1,770 metres. The older Vietnamese type citation repeated in that revision is part of the name’s history, rather than another Chinese collection.

The original description of Hoya baishaensis appeared on 30 April 2009. He and colleagues based it on two numbered collections from Baisha, Hainan, made on 1 August 2006 at 786 metres. They described green flowers with purple spots on the outside and compared the plant with H. griffithii and H. radicalis. Their type account places it on exposed rock in montane rainforest, although the introduction and type account differ over whether that forest was disturbed.

The 2026 revision introduced two species from Yunnan: Hoya daoi, from the Baotaishan area of Yongping, and H. maguanensis, from Xiangshuihe in Maguan. Its account of H. maguanensis distinguishes the plant’s wild origin on a karst hillside from flowering material cultivated at Kunming Botanical Garden. The garden is not an additional wild locality.

Original studies give more detail than a checklist alone. Huang and colleagues recorded Hoya pyrifolia in Longling and Yingjiang, Yunnan, and described wild populations of H. sichuanensis in Sichuan. Xue and colleagues reported H. spectatissima from Cangyuan and Gengma in Yunnan. Rodda and colleagues cited Chinese specimens of H. edeni in their 2019 treatment.

Wild records and cultivation

The floras distinguish cultivated plants from records in natural habitats. The 1977 accounts describe H. lacunosa in cultivation at Guangzhou and H. obovata var. kerrii in cultivation in southern Guangdong. The 1995 Flora of China reports H. multiflora in Guangxi and Yunnan but marks Guangdong as cultivated. These cultivated entries provide a different kind of evidence from the records of plants growing in forests or on rocks.

Sources can differ without one simply replacing the other. The 1995 flora lists Yunnan for H. linearis, and Huang and colleagues’ 2020 paper cites four Yunnan specimens under that name. The 2026 checklist lists both Yunnan and Xizang; the Yunnan specimens do not, by themselves, establish the Xizang report. The original 2019 description of H. pandurata subsp. angustifolia reports it only from Myanmar, while the 2026 checklist reports Yunnan. These are separate, dated reports that need to be traced to their supporting evidence.

Huang et al. (2020) described Hoya longicalyx from a moss-covered tree branch in Yingjiang, Yunnan, at about 1,900 metres. Their paper also cites Chinese specimens of H. chinghungensis, H. lasiogynostegia and H. pandurata. These are reports under the names used in that paper; later changes in names need to be checked before combining their ranges.

Hainan’s forests and field studies

Two original studies published in 2009 describe hoyas growing on trees in Bawangling, Hainan. He, Li, Lin & Zeng described H. bawanglingensis from rainforest at 270–430 metres. He, Li, Lin & Yang described H. persicinicoronaria from rainforest at 200–250 metres. Their naming specimens were collected on the same day, 8 August 2007, at 423 and 214 metres respectively. The second paper also reports a collection of H. lasiogynostegia from Bawangling.

A record’s history can matter as much as its place name. He, Lin, Zeng & Wu (2009) reported Hoya radicalis from Hainan using material said to have been collected there and later grown at South China Botanical Garden. Their preserved specimen was recorded on 7 July 2007, but the paper gives no precise wild locality in Hainan. The 2026 checklist lists only Guangdong and Guangxi for this species. The earlier Hainan report is kept here with its cultivation history so readers can see the difference between the two accounts.

Field studies add another layer to the Hainan records. Chen et al. (2016) sampled 36 Hoya ledongensis plants from three natural populations and six H. jianfenglingensis plants from one population. The paper gives four voucher numbers for specimens deposited at South China Agricultural University’s herbarium, so these reports can be followed beyond a province name.

Some details still need checking against those specimens. The 2016 paper uses different locality labels in its methods and appendix—for example, “Baisha” and “Ledong” for the same population code. Both labels are retained in this review. The study developed genetic markers that could help investigate populations and possible hybridization; it did not establish that the two species hybridize naturally.

Yunnan and records across the border

The story of Hoya yingjiangensis begins with the Chinese material described by Zhang et al. (2015). Its type was collected by L. W. Wu in Yingjiang, Yunnan, on 9 August 2014, at 1,600 metres. The authors described a bell-shaped flower borne alone on a very short stalk that falls away after flowering or fruiting. They knew the species only from its type locality and proposed Data Deficient status at that time. Their account left fruits and seeds undescribed, while recording local people’s report that fruiting began in late September.

China’s hoyas can also occur across its borders. Rodda, Aung & Armstrong (2019) recorded Hoya yingjiangensis from Myanmar, citing three collections made in 2015 and 2016. Sahani et al. (2025) added a collection from Arunachal Pradesh, India, made in October 2024. Both papers cite the earlier specimen from Yingjiang, Yunnan. The Myanmar and Indian collections extend the published account of the species; they are not additional Chinese localities.

Xizang and neighbouring regions

The original 2020 description of Hoya nyingchiensis adds a more local view of the Xizang records. Zuo and colleagues reported it from Yanpangcun and Yumicun in the Brahmaputra Canyon Reserve, and cited a naming specimen collected in the Nyingchi area on 9 July 2015 at about 1,975 metres. They described it as a rock-growing shrub with hanging stems, flowering from June to July and fruiting from July to October.

The researchers first identified these plants as H. chinghungensis, then distinguished them through comparisons of leaves and flowers. Their paper cites an older H. chinghungensis specimen from Che Li, Yunnan, collected in 1936. It also compares material from Nepal and Myanmar; those foreign specimens help explain the identification, without adding Chinese localities.

The name Hoya chinghungensis has its own history. It was first described in Dischidia. In their 1995 paper, Gilbert, Stevens & Li explained that the original material had been in fruit; flowering collections later showed its relationship to Hoya. They cited a flowering collection from Jinghong, Yunnan, made on 5 June 1992, as well as material from Myanmar. Their suggestion that it and H. bella might eventually be treated as subspecies of H. lanceolata was conditional on further study.

Published records of Hoya chinghungensis also reach beyond China. Averyanov et al. (2017) documented it in Laos and Vietnam, citing collections from both countries. Chowlu et al. (2025) then reported it from India, based on a collection made near Wakka, Arunachal Pradesh, on 29 May 2024. These collections add to the species’ published history without adding Chinese localities.

Both papers trace the name to a September 1936 collection from southern Yunnan, at about 1,900 metres. That naming specimen is different from the August 1936 Yunnan specimen cited for comparison in the 2020 H. nyingchiensis paper. Keeping the collections apart helps distinguish a new field record from a later author repeating an older one.

The Xizang record of Hoya acuminata can be traced to Gui et al. (2017). They reported it from Damu village, Medog, where material was collected on 27 June 2015 at 1,577 metres. It grew on a tree in dense, moist forest. The paper cites two voucher identifiers from that same place and date, rather than two separate localities.

The Medog flowers were pink, which the authors regarded as variation within a species whose flowers are usually white. Chowlu et al. (2025) later reported H. acuminata from near Rilloh, Arunachal Pradesh, based on a different collection made in June 2024. That Indian record is kept separate from the Chinese collection.

Older collections, later identifications

A new country record can bring an older collection back into view. Ma et al. (2019) reported Hoya burmanica from Yunnan’s Tongbiguan reserve, citing Shen Jianyong and colleagues’ collection RL37, made on 13 February 2017 at 961 metres. They also cited Qiu Bingyun’s specimen 52862 from Dayakou, Jingdong, collected on 15 October 1956 at 2,100 metres. The paper therefore documents two Chinese collections made more than sixty years apart.

The Chinese record of Hoya engleriana is supported by three collections cited by Chen et al. (2025; first online in 2024): Tengchong in May 2021, Gengma in November 2022 and Cangyuan in April 2023. All three are cited at the Kunming herbarium (KUN). The authors describe plants growing on trees in moist broadleaved forest. Their estimate of more than 1,000 plants within about 25 square kilometres concerns the Tengchong population they found in 2021.

The same report explains a useful identification detail: H. engleriana leaves are narrowly pear-shaped when flattened, but their rolled edges can make them look almost cylindrical on a living plant. The authors distinguish it from H. pyrifolia and H. linearis using leaf and flower characters together.

Vietnamese origins and Chinese records

Hoya tamdaoensis was first described from Vietnam by Rodda et al. (2015). Its type was collected on 20 September 2011 along the Máy Giấy trail in Tam Đảo National Park, at 1,072 metres. The authors found it growing on moss-covered limestone in evergreen lower montane forest. Their account distinguished it from H. siamica by its larger flowers, leaf shape and recurved leaf stalks.

The Chinese record followed in Nong et al. (2018). They cite a collection made by Nong Dongxin and colleagues on 25 May 2015 in Laohutiao reserve, Napo County, Guangxi, at 1,000 metres, in limestone evergreen broad-leaved forest. Their report adds descriptions of the fruits and seeds, which had not been seen for the original Vietnamese description. The authors also introduced plants to Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, but do not specify whether the fruit observations came from wild or cultivated material.

The photographs in Rodda and colleagues’ 2015 description show a different plant: MR729, bought from a nursery and grown at the Singapore Botanic Gardens. Its wild origin was unknown. Those photographs illustrate the species, but they do not document a wild Singapore population or establish that the plant came from the Vietnamese type collection. The Chinese locations in the table above come from the later Chinese checklist.

Identifications that changed

The history of Hoya longicalyx includes a corrected identification. Wang et al. (2019) reported a plant from Tongbiguan, Yunnan, as H. lanceolata, citing Shen 1163, collected on 17 May 2018 at 1,800 metres. Liu et al. (2026) cite that same collection under H. longicalyx and explicitly reject the earlier identification. They consequently exclude H. lanceolata as a confirmed Chinese species in their revision.

These papers tell the changing identification of one reported Chinese collection. The Nepalese, Indian, Myanmar and Vietnamese specimens listed in the 2019 account are separate material; the correction to the Chinese record does not, by itself, establish new identifications for those specimens.

The Chinese report of Hoya vangviengiensis also separates discovery from identification. Zhang et al. (2017) describe a plant collected by Mr Mo in Malipo, Yunnan, in July 2015. It flowered at South China Botanical Garden in March 2017, allowing the authors to identify it. The two numbered vouchers they cite were collected in cultivation at Guangzhou on 15 March 2017. Those garden specimens document the cultivated material; they do not establish a wild population in Guangdong.

The history of Hoya longicalyx also includes the name H. tetrantha. Zhang, Tong and Xia (2021) described it from Yingjiang, Yunnan, using a type collected on 22 April 2017 and a separate paratype collected on 16 September 2016. They distinguished it from H. dickasoniana by its leaf shape, usually four-flowered clusters and longer, narrow sepals. Liu et al. (2026) later placed H. tetrantha in synonymy under H. longicalyx, judging the reported differences to fall within one species’ variation. Their citation of the same 2017 type is a later interpretation of that collection.

Collection history and conservation

Hoya gaoligongensis illustrates how a newly published name can have a much longer collection history. Zhao et al. (2020) describe flowering plants encountered in Longling, Yunnan, in 2018, but also identify older herbarium material collected as far back as October 1935. Their ten historical herbarium sheets represent five collections, some preserved on more than one sheet. The species was described in 2020; its collection history did not begin that year.

Their conservation assessment also needs its local context. Two surveys in 2018–2019 found about 20 mature individuals at three sites within a roughly 62-square-kilometre study area. Clusters or clones growing on one tree were counted as one individual. The authors proposed at least Vulnerable status and recommended further surveys. That report is evidence about their study area and methods, not a count of every surviving plant or a verification of the species’ current global Red List status.

Why the names matter

Different names and places in print

The older floras also reveal differences that a single checklist can hide. For Hoya revolubilis, the 1995 Flora of China reports western Guangxi and western Yunnan, while the 2026 checklist lists Guizhou and Yunnan. He et al.’s 2009 distribution table also lists Guangxi and Yunnan. Guangxi and Guizhou are different provinces; both accounts are retained here while their supporting evidence is compared.

The 1995 flora places Hoya hainanensis under H. ovalifolia; the 2026 checklist lists H. hainanensis separately. It also gives H. carnosa var. gushanica for Fujian and Taiwan, whereas the older flora cites W. Xu as the name’s author and reports Fuzhou, Fujian. The newer table’s “Hort.” author citation is a further difference to resolve.

One spelling also needs attention: the 2026 table prints Hoya oblaceolata, while the paper’s main text uses H. oblanceolata. The table entry is reproduced with that distinction visible; it is not counted as a second species.

Gilbert, Stevens & Li’s 1995 Novon paper shows why herbarium specimens need careful reading. The Chinese type of Hoya commutata, W. T. Tsang 22375 from Guangxi, was a bare twig with one inflorescence mixed with H. fusca. Other sheets bearing that collection number contained only young fruiting material of H. fusca. The Myanmar specimen cited as a paratype was mixed with leaves of Alstonia. The authors therefore described H. commutata without knowing its leaves.

Gilbert, Stevens & Li also described Hoya mekongensis from a collection made at Tsekou on the upper Mekong on 10 October 1895. Their locality was printed as “Xizang/Yunnan”; it is retained here without choosing a modern province. The type and two duplicate sheets represent one collecting event.

Comparing species boundaries

A plant’s name can cover different groups of plants in different publications. The 1977 Chinese flora placed Hoya yuennanensis under H. lyi. After comparing type specimens and other herbarium material, Rodda (2012) recognised them as separate species and treated H. mekongensis as a synonym of H. yuennanensis. That is why the older records cannot simply be combined under one name.

In the 2012 revision, H. lyi is reported from Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan, with additional records from Laos and Vietnam. Its H. yuennanensis account is much narrower: three collection localities along the Mekong in Yunnan. The paper also describes different growing places—deeply shaded limestone for H. lyi, and more exposed rocky sites for H. yuennanensis. Those habitat differences are part of the evidence he used to distinguish the two species.

The 1977 flora also gives more specific settings for several records. It places H. linearis at Gongshan in Yunnan, in evergreen forest at 1,500–1,700 metres, and H. fusca in moist, shaded valleys across Xizang, Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. These older accounts add context to the newer province-level checklist. Some location labels, such as “Guangdong (Hainan)”, follow the geographical usage of their time.

The Hainan names have a later history too. In his 2017 study of Hoya names and types, Rodda included H. bawanglingensis under H. verticillata and H. persicinicoronaria under H. diversifolia. These links explain why a Hainan record may appear under different names in different books or papers. Rodda cited the original Hainan collections; his account is a later interpretation of those records, rather than another field discovery. He marked both original specimens as not seen and reported that he could not find the photograph of H. persicinicoronaria at Missouri Botanical Garden.

Authors can draw different species boundaries around the same historical material. Sahani et al. (2025) treated Hoya obcordata and H. tengchongensis as synonyms of H. nummularia. The 2026 China study instead described H. obcordata as distinct and reported it from Motuo, Xizang. Both papers cite Hooker’s 1849 Sikkim specimen. Their differing treatments are kept separate here while the evidence is compared.

From wild collection to garden flowering

The original description of Hoya tengchongensis by Zhang, Xia & Kuang (2019) traces the plants from Tengchong, Yunnan, where they were collected in 2016, to a greenhouse at South China Botanical Garden in Guangzhou. The cultivated plants flowered there in September 2017; the preserved specimen used to name the species was prepared on 20 September 2018. Its Guangzhou location records that cultivation history, rather than wild growth in Guangdong.

The 2019 paper describes plants growing on trunks or rocks at about 1,300 metres in Tengchong. Its September–November flowering season comes from plants grown at the botanical garden, so it should not be read as a flowering calendar for wild populations. The authors compared the plant with H. serpens and also discussed H. nummularia. The later synonymy proposed in 2025 is a different interpretation of that material.

About this collection

The sources provide different levels of detail. Some entries have original descriptions and named specimens; others still rely on a checklist or a later account. The 2011 original description of Hoya ledongensis and the 1974 precursor to the Chinese flora remain unavailable for comparison, and the 1977 scan set has a missing key page and illustration plate. A reported location means somewhere within the named area, not continuous growth throughout it. Sources repeating the same earlier collection are not independent confirmations.

Sources

Liu et al. (2026). Diversity and taxonomic revision of Hoya in China. Table 1, pp. 4–5; source checklist.

Li, Gilbert & Stevens (1995). Hoya, Flora of China 16:228–236. Hoya species accounts; cultivated entries kept separate.

Rodda, Aung & Armstrong (2019). A new species, a new subspecies, and new records of Hoya from Myanmar and China. China specimens and dated range accounts, pp. 425, 430, 432–433.

Huang et al. (2021). Hoya pyrifolia, a new species from south-western Yunnan, China. Original species study; distribution p. 104.

Huang et al. (2022). Hoya longlingensis and H. sichuanensis, two new species from Southwestern China. Original species studies; distribution pp. 103–104.

Xue et al. (2023). Hoya spectatissima, a new species from Yunnan, China. Original species study; distribution p. 72.

He et al. (2011). Hoya jianfenglingensis, a new species from Hainan, China. Original Hainan account; comparison-table ranges for carnosa and fungii, p. 345.

He et al. (2012). Hoya daimenglongensis, a new species from Yunnan, China. Original description from Yunnan, pp. 170–173.

Zhao et al. (2020). Hoya gaoligongensis (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae), a new species from Yunnan, SW China. Phytotaxa 459(3): 219–226. Complete eight-page published paper consulted from the author-uploaded copy. Type on p. 220; historical collections on pp. 224–225; local population assessment on pp. 223–224.

Zuo et al. (2020). Hoya nyingchiensis (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae), a new species from Tibet, China. Phytotaxa 468(1): 130–136. Complete seven-page original checked; type on p. 130, two reported localities and comparative specimens on p. 133, and comparison table on p. 134.

Huang et al. (2020). Hoya longicalyx, a new species of Hoya (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) from Yunnan, China. Taiwania 65: 353–359, with the publisher’s sequence appendix. Type and distribution on p. 354; comparative specimens on p. 358.

Rodda (2012). Taxonomy of Hoya lyi, Hoya yuennanensis and Hoya mekongensis (Apocynaceae–Asclepiadoideae). Edinburgh Journal of Botany 69: 83–93. Full revision checked; distributions and specimens on pp. 89–92.

Tsiang & Li (1977). Hoya, Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae 63: 475–492. Distribution accounts reviewed across the official digitised edition and available original scans. The scan set still lacks one key page and one illustration plate.

He, Li, Lin & Zeng (2009). A New Species of Hoya (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) from Hainan, China. Novon 19: 357–359. Original description of H. bawanglingensis; habitat, collection details and comparison with H. pottsii.

He, Li, Lin & Yang (2009). Hoya persicinicoronaria (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae), a New Species from Hainan, China. Novon 19: 475–478. Original description, rainforest habitat and Bawangling collections; additional H. lasiogynostegia record on p. 477.

Rodda (2017). Index of names and types of Hoya (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae) of Borneo. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 69: 33–65. The H. diversifolia and H. verticillata accounts include the earlier Hainan names and their original collection details, on pp. 40–41 and 54–57.

He, Lin, Zeng & Wu (2009). Hoya radicalis Tsiang et P. T. Li, One Newly Recorded Species from Hainan, China. Journal of South China Agricultural University 30(2): 123–124. Complete original checked; Hainan origin and subsequent cultivation are described on p. 124.

Chen et al. (2016). Development of transcriptome-derived SSR markers for Hoya ledongensis (Apocynaceae) and cross-amplification in a congener. Applications in Plant Sciences 4(9): 1600059. Complete four-page article checked; sampling on p. 1 and vouchers in Appendix 1 on p. 4. Methods and appendix locality labels compared.

Sahani et al. (2025). Hoya (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) of Arunachal Pradesh, India: A new species and two new records. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 77(2): 269–278. The accounts on pp. 273–276 add the Indian H. yingjiangensis specimen and discuss H. obcordata, H. tengchongensis and H. nummularia.

Zhang, Xia & Kuang (2019). Hoya tengchongensis sp. nov. (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) from Yunnan, China. Nordic Journal of Botany 37(5): e02282. Complete four-page original checked; collection and cultivation history on pp. 1–2, comparison on pp. 2–4, and habitat and cultivated flowering on p. 4.

Averyanov et al. (2017). Preliminary checklist of Hoya (Asclepiadaceae) in the flora of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Turczaninowia 20(3): 103–147. The H. chinghungensis account on p. 112 cites the Chinese type and collections from Laos and Vietnam.

Chowlu et al. (2025). Hoya chinghungensis, a new record for India and Hoya acuminata a new record for the state of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Rheedea 35(2): 82–87. The H. chinghungensis account on pp. 82–84 repeats the Chinese type citation and documents the Indian collection.

Gui et al. (2017). Hoya acuminata (Wight) Benth. ex Hook. f. (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae), A Newly Recorded Species from China. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 37(6): 1252–1254. Complete three-page original checked; Damu collection and vouchers on p. 1253, photographs and flower-colour discussion on p. 1254.

Ma et al. (2019). Hoya burmanica, a Newly Recorded Species of Hoya (Asclepiadaceae) from China. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 39(5): 948–949. Complete two-page original checked; the Tongbiguan and Jingdong specimen citations are on p. 949.

Chen et al. (2025; online 21 August 2024). Hoya engleriana Hosseus, a Newly Recorded Species of Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae) from China. Life Science Research 29(4): 334–338. Complete publisher XML text and both figures checked; the journal PDF could not be retrieved. Three Chinese voucher citations, habitat, identification comparisons and the authors’ lectotype selection are included in this version.

Rodda, Trần and Nguyễn (2015). Hoya tamdaoensis (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae), a new species from Vietnam. Phytotaxa 217(3): 288–292. Complete five-page original checked; Vietnamese type on p. 288, cultivated photographic material in Figures 1–2 and on p. 291. Fruits and seeds had not been seen in this account.

Wang et al. (2019). Hoya lanceolata Wall. ex D.Don, a Newly Recorded Species of Hoya (Apocynaceae) from China. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 39(8): 1503–1505. Complete three-page original checked; Shen 1163 and foreign comparison specimens on p. 1504. Read alongside Liu et al. (2026), p. 16, which reassigns the Chinese collection to H. longicalyx.

Zhang et al. (2017). Hoya vangviengiensis, A Newly Recorded Species of Hoya (Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae) from China. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany 25(6): 594–596. Complete publisher HTML and Figure 1 checked, including the introduction, habitat and cultivated specimen citations. The paginated PDF has not yet been obtained.

Nong et al. (2018). Hoya tamdaoensis, A Newly Recorded Species of Apocynaceae from China. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany 26(1): 82–84. Complete publisher HTML and Figure 1 checked, including the Guangxi voucher and supplementary fruit and seed description. The paginated PDF has not yet been obtained.

Zhang, Tong and Xia (2021). Hoya tetrantha (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae), A New Species from Yunnan, China. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany 29(2): 139–142. Complete publisher HTML, Table 1 and Figure 1 checked. Read alongside Liu et al. (2026), pp. 15–17, for the later synonymy under H. longicalyx. The paginated 2021 PDF has not yet been obtained.

Zhang et al. (2015). Hoya yingjiangensis, a new campanulate-flowered species from Yunnan, China. Phytotaxa 219(3): 283–288. Complete six-page published paper consulted from the author-uploaded copy. Type and description on p. 284; photographed type material and provisional conservation assessment on p. 285; cultivated drawing material and comparison with H. collettii on p. 286.

Gilbert, Stevens & Li (1995). Notes on the Asclepiadaceae of China. Novon 5(1): 1–16. Complete digitized paper consulted; the Hoya accounts on pp. 9–10 provide the new combination for H. chinghungensis and original descriptions of H. commutata and H. mekongensis. This is a separate publication from the 1995 Flora of China account.

He, Zhuang, Li, Lin & Li (2009). Hoya baishaensis (Apocynaceae), a new species from Hainan, China. Annales Botanici Fennici 46(2): 155–158. Complete four-page publisher PDF checked. The description and two type numbers are on pp. 155–157; Table 1 on p. 156 compares historical Chinese distribution reports, while Table 2 on p. 158 compares three species. The distribution table summarizes earlier literature and does not supply a new specimen for every province listed.

Tran, Rodda, Kim, Lee, Kim & Ha (2011). Hoya sapaensis (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae), a new species from Vietnam. Annales Botanici Fennici 48(6): 511–514. Complete four-page publisher PDF checked. The Vietnamese type and paratype are documented on pp. 511 and 513; the drawings, photographs and comparison with H. carnosa and H. bonii are on pp. 512–513. The later Chinese collection is documented in the 2026 revision, pp. 12–14.

Notes and contributions

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